Godavari Parulekar v. State of Bombay and Others

Judgment

Dec. 5. (1953] GODAVARI PARULEKAR STATE OF BOMBAY AND OTHERS. [PATANJALI SASTRI C.J., MUKHERJEA, CHANDRA- SEKHARA AIYAR, VIVIAN BOSE and GHULAM HASAN JJ.] Preventive Detention Act, 1950, a§ amended by the Preventive Detention (Second Amendment) Act, 1952, s. 11-A-Wiwther discriminatory-Validity-Constitution of India, 1950, Arts. 14, 22 (7) (b)-"Unless a shorter period is specified in the order", meaning of. Section 11-A which was inserted in the Preventive Detention Act of 1950 by the Preventive Detention (Second Amendment) Act 1952, p!ovided that the maximum period for which any perso~ m-ay be detained in pursuance of any detention order which has been confirmed under section 11 shall be twelve months :from the date of detention. But sub-s. (2) qualified this by dividing detentions into two classes :

(a) those in which the detentWn order W..s confirmed before the 30th September, 1952, and (b) those in ~hich the confirmation V.'as after that date, and it provided that in the former case, unless a shorter period was specified in the order, the detention shall continue either till the 1st of April, 1953, or for twelve months from the date of detention, \vbichever expires later: Held, (i) that' the section did not contravene art. 14 or art. 22 (7) (b) of the Constitution merely because it introduced a fresh classification which divided detentions into those before the Act and those thereafter, as the classification was a reasonable one. The section did not involve any discrimination between persons whose detentions were confirmed b"1ore the 30th September, 1952, merely because, as a result of the section, in the case of some per~ sons the period of detention may be longer and in the case of others it may be shorter; Shamrao Parulekar v. The District 1J1agistrate, Thana and Others ( [1952]

S.C.R. 683) followed. (ii) that a detention order made on the 16th October, 1951, which did not specify any period of detention was not a case where· "a shorter period was specified in the order 11 within the meaning of s. 11-A (2) merely because the detention would have expired. either on the 31st March, 1952, or on 30th September, 1952, but for the Amendment Act. ORIGINAL JURISDICTIOl!: Petition No. 399 of 1952. Petition under article 32 of the Constitution of India for a writ iu the nature of habeas corpus. S.C.R. Godavari Parulekar, the petitioner, in person. M. 0. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India, (G.N. Joshi and P. A. Mehta, with him) for the respon!\ent. Godavari Parulekar 1952. December 5. was delivered by The Judgment of the Court Stats of Bombay and Others. BOSE J.-This is a habeas corpus petition under Bose J. article 32 of the Constitution. The petitioner was detained on the 16th of October, 1951, under the Preventive 'Detention Act of 1950 as amended in 1951.

Her detention was actually longer than this but the earlier detentions were under a different set of orders which are not relevant to the present matter. The present detention . is based on an order of the District Magistrate, Thana, and merely says that the petitiop.er be detained, without specifying any period. The order of confirmation was passed on the 4th of January, 1952, and the"re again no period was specified. The petitioner's case is that as no period was specified in the order her period of detention expired on the 31st of March, 1952, because of the amending Act of 1951 ; or at the outside on the 30th of September, 1952, because of Act XXXIV of 1952 which effected a further amendment.

The reply on behalf of the State of Bombay is that the Preventive Detention Act of 1950 was again • amended by Act LXI of 1952 and th~t the effect of this amendment was to carry the petitioner's detention on to the 31st of March, 1953, because of section 11-A which was added to the original Act of 1950. The petitioner counters by saying that the new Act does not apply to cases in which the order of detention is not silent about its duration and so section 11-A does not serve to extend the period of her detention. She relies on the following portion of section 11-A (2) : " ... every detention order which has been confirmed under section 11 before the commencement of the Preventive Detention (Second l\mendment) Act, '2L! 8UPREME COURT REPORTS [1953] 1952, shall, unless a shorter period is specified in the Godavari order, continue to remain in force until the 1st day Parulekar Of Jipril, 1953 ... "

The petitioner concedes that no shorter period is State of Bombay specified in her order Of detention but contends that andOthus. ldh · d · h as er etent1on won ave expire eit er on t e 1st Bose J. of March, 1952, or on the 30th of September, 1952, one of those two dates must now be read into the order and when that is done we have an order which specifies a shorter period, therefore section 11-A (2) does not serve to extend her detention. We are unable to accept this contention. The section is clear and nnless a shorter period is specified in the order, section 11-A(2) applies. We cannot add the words "or must be deemed to have been specified by reason of the expiry of the earlier Act" into the section. We hold therefore .that section ll-A(2) vaJidly extended the period of detention till the 1st of April, 1953. The petitioner's next point is based on articles 14 and 22(7)(b) of the Constitution. It arises in this way. Section 3 (1)

(a) of the Preventive Detention Act of 1950 classifies grounds of permissible detention into three categories. Article 22 (7) (b) empowers Parliament to prescribe the maximum period for which any person may "in any class or classes of • cases" be detained. The petitioner argues that this permits only op.e maximum for each class and that if different maxima are provided for "equals" within a class it offends not only article 22 (7) (b) but also article 14 as interpreted by the decisions of this Court. She next argues that section 11-A, now introduced by the second amending Act ol 1952 (Act LXI of 1952), does just that and so is ultra vires. Her point is put as follows. Sub-section (1) of section 11-A states that the maximum period for which any person may be detained in pursuance of any detention order which has been confirmed under section 11 shall be twelve months from the date of detention. But sub-s"ection (2) qualifies this by dividing detentioqs into two classes; S.C.R. (a) those in which the detention order was confirmed before 30th of September, 1952, and (b) those in which Godavar> the confirmation was after that date, and it provides Parulekar that in the former case, unless a shorter period is specified in the order, the detention shall continue State 01 Bombay either till the 1st of April, 1953, orfortwelvemonths and Others. from the date of detention, whichever expires later.

Bose J. This, she says, introduces a fresh classification which divides detentions into those before the Act and those after. That, she says, is ultra vires, first, because it introduces a discriminatory classification in the class to which she belongs under section 3 of the Act and, second, because it entails discrimination even in the fresh class into which she has been thrown by the new sub-division made by the second amending Act of 1952. As regards the first point, the ratio decidendi in Shamrao V. Parulekar v. The District Magistrate, Thana, and Others(1) applies here. In that case, detentions were divided into those which had already been considered by an Advisory Board and those which had not. This was upheld. The dividing line here is different, namely a certain date, but the principle is the same and its reasonableness is apparent from a consideration of the various amendments which have been made from time to time.

The life of the Act of 1950, which was the principal Act, was extended till the 1st of October, 1952, by section 2 of the amending Act (Act XXXIV of 1952), and the effect of section 3 was to prolong the life of all detentions in force on 14th of March 1952, (provided they had been confirmed before that date) for so long as the principal Act was in force. At that date this meant till the 1st of October, 1952. But the second amending Act of 1952 extended the life of the principa~ Act till the 31st of December, 1954. Therefore, m the absence of section 11-A all those detentions would have been e~tended till that date. But section 11-A modified that and put 1st of April, 1953, as the latest date for these old detention,s, (1) [1952) S.C.R. 68~ at 691 and 69~. [1953) It therefore conferred a benefit and cannot be deemed unreasonable. Sub-section (3) of section 11-A Goilavari Parulekar shows that that was the object.

But the petitioner attacked the provisions on the State of Bombay ground of discrimination. She said that even assumand Othm. ing the new classification of detentions into those Bose J. before and after the 30th of September, 1952, to be good, section 11-A is nevertheless discriminatory because it discriminates amongst those in her class, namely those whose detentions were made and con· firmed before the 30th of September. She put it in this way. Taking the case of her own detention, she pointed out that, if section 11-A is good, it will continue till the 1st of April, 1953, that is to say, her detention will have been for a period of 17 l months from the 16th of October, 1951, till the 1st of April, 1953. On the other hand, a person detained after her on, say, tl:ie 1st of September, 1952, would also be due for release on the 1st of April, 1953, and so would have had only six months' detention. This, in our opinion, is not discrimination within the meaning of article 14.

A maximum can be fixed, either by specifying a particular period, such as twelve months, or by setting an outside limit, and it is inevitable in such a case that the length of detention will vary in eaci::i individual case. Those taken into detention at a later date are bound to be detained for a shorter time. Government is not bound to detain everybody for the same length of time. It has a discretion.· Moreover, the appropriate Government has been left power to Tevoke or modify the detention order at any earlier time. This point was considered in Shamrao V. Parulekar v. The District Magistrate, Thana, & Others (1) and was decided against the detenu. The petitioner endeavoured to have her application · reopened on the merits contending again that the grounds of· detention are vague. She relies on Shamrao V. Parulekar v. The State of Bombay(') where (1) [195z] S.C,R. 68~ at 691 at 69l· (2) Petition No. SQ of 19~2, S.C.R. another de ten u was released by another Bench of this Court in circumstances which, according to her, are very similar.

We are unable to allow this as her petition has already been rejected on the merits. -She was only allowed to appear on constitutional points. State of Bombay We understand that in the other petition this fact and Others. was not brought to the notice of the Court. 'rhe application is dismissed. Application dismissed. Agent for the respondents: G. H. Raiadhyaksha. In re 'rHE EDITOR, PRINTER AND PUBLISHER OF " 'rHE TIMES OF INDIA " and In re ASWINI KUMAR GROSE AND ANOTHER ARABINDA BOSE AND ANOTHER. [MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN, MuKHEHJEA. DAs, CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR and BHAGWATI JJ.] Contempt of Court-Article imputing ?notives to jwlges-Gross ran.tempt-Apology-Practice of Supreme Coitrt.

It is not the practice of the Supreme Court to issue a rule for contempt of Court except in very grave and serious cases and it is never over-sensitive to public criticism; but when there is danger of grave mischief being done in the matter of administration of justice, the animadversion will not be ignored and viewed with placid equanimity. A leading article in the " Times of India" on .the judgment of the Supreme Court in Aswini K1tmar Ghose v. Arabinda Bose and Another ( [1953] S.C.R. 1) contained the following statements: "the fact of the· matter is that in the higher legal latitudes in Delhi the dual system was regarded as obsolete and anomalous ......... There is a tell-tale note at the top of the rules framed by the Supreme Court for enrolment of advocates and agents to the effect that the ::tulm1 were subject to revision and the Judges had under consideration a proposal for abolishing the dual system .........

To achieve a dubious or even a laudable purpose by straining the law is hardly Bos1 J. 195!3