S.B. Adityan v. S. Kandaswami and Others

Judgment

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 130 of 1958. Appeal by certificate granted by the Madras High Court against its judgment and order dated November 1, 1957, in W. P. Nos. 623 and 624 of 1957. 1958. April 30. May 1. A. V. Viswanatha. Sastri, T. R. Venkatltrama Iyer, K. R. Sharma and K. R. Ghoudhri, for the appellant. The petition is liable to be dismissed for non-joinder of Muthu and Meganathan who were candidates as defined in s. 79(b) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. The allegation is tha.t Meganathan accepted a gift of. Rs. 10,000 • and in pursuance thereof withdrew his candidature, and also that ·Muthu accepted a gratification of Rs. 5,000 and in pursuance thereof, he retired from S.C.R. S69 the contest. On the language of s. 123(1) of the Act, such acceptance constitutes a 'corrupt practice'. The words 'by a candidate or his agent or by any other person ' in the section are to be read with the words ' offer or promise ' and not with ' gift '.

In view of the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, a ' gift ' is a bilateral Act and it includes both the giving of the gift and the acceptance of that gift. Section 99 of the Act shows that a receipt of a bribe is a corrupt practice. See ss. 82 (b), 98 and 99 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Under s. 99 the Tribunal has to record a finding whether a corrupt· practice has been committed with the consent of any candidate. When a candidate accepts a gift with the object of inducing him to withdraw his candidature, he consents to the corrftpt practice of bribery being committed and such a candidate is liable to be named under the section. ·Alternatively, the term gratification in s. 123 is very wide and includes the withdrawal of candidature by a candidate to induce another candidate to stand at an election. Affording of such gratification amounts to a corrupt practice within s. 123.

Section 82(b) talks of ' allega.tions of any corrupt practice ' and it, therefore, contemplates any allegation relating to or concerning, a corrupt practice. O. K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General of India, A. N. Sinha and N. H. Hingorani for respondent No. 1. candidate who accepts a gift from a returned candidate does not commit 'corrupt practice ' within the meaning of s. 123(1) and therefore is not necessary party to the election petition under s. 82(b) of the Act. The section defines the corrupt practice of bribery and the words ' gift, offer or promise by a candidate or his agent or by any other person ' clearly contemplates the making of a gift. Further, s. 1!?3(1) does not include the acceptance of a gift as a. corrupt practice. This is also apparent from consideration of s. 124(3) of the Act which was deleted by the amending Act XXVII of 1956. Section 124(3) made receipt of gratification by candidate or intending . candidate minoc corrupt practice and s.

123 (1) made• bribery by a candidate or' his · agent, a major Adityan Kandaswami Adityan Kandaswami [1959] corrupt practice. The amending Act has done away with the classification of major and minor corrupt practices. Some of the minor corrupt practices have been retained as corrupt practices and the rest dropped altogether. The amending Act has dropped the provision making acceptance and agreement to accept a bribe, a corrupt practice with no material change in s. 123(1) to bring within it these cases. By omitting s. 124(3) from the Act ·Parliament, therefore, intended that acceptance of a bribe was no longer to be treated . as a corrupt practice. Section 99 does not purport to define a corrupt practice mentioned in s. 82(b); s. 99 read in the light of definition section does not support the appellant. Cur. adv. vult. 1958. May 20. The Judgment of the Comt" was delivered by Sarkar J. SARKAR J.-In the 1957 general elections, nine persons filed nomination papers for election to the Madras Legislative Assembly from the Sathankulam constituency all of which were found on scrutiny to be valid.

Among these persons were the appellant, the respondent Kandaswami and two others called JVI. R. Meganathan and G. E. Muthu. Meganathan, Muthu and three others whom it is not necessary to name as they are not concerned with this appeal, did not go to the poll and dropped out of the election earlier. At the end the election was actually contested by the appellant, the respondent Kandaswami and two other candidates with whom also this appeal is not concerned. The appellant was successful at the poll and was on March 6, 1957, declared elected. On April 15, 1957, the respondent Kandaswami w horn we will• hernafter refer to as the respondent, preferred an election petition under the provisions of the RepreRentation of the People Act, 1951, for a declaration that the election of the appellant was void. The appellant was made the first respondent to the petition bqt Meganathan and Muthu were not made • parties to it at ~ll.

Some of the other candidates at the election :vere ·also made parties to the petition but S.CJ~,. it is unnecessary for the purpose of this appeal to refer to them. The petition was referred to an Election Tribunal for trial. The appellant then made an application to the Election Tribunal which was marked I. A. No. I of 1957 for the dismissal of the petition under s. 99(3) of the Act. That section provides that, "The Tribu- 11al shall dismiss an election petition which does not comply with the provisions of section 81, section 82 or section 117 ". The appellant's case was that the petition had not complied with the provisions of s. 82. Section. 82 states: " A petitioner shall join as respondents to his petition- (~ any other candidate against whom allegations of any corrupt practice are made in the petition."

The appellant contended that allegations of corrupt practice were made in the petition against Meganathan and Muthu and· they should, therefore, have been made parties to. the petition undei.; 8. 82 and as that had not been done, that section had not been complied with · and so the petitfom had to be ·dismissed under s. 90(3). It is not in dispute that non-compliance with the provisions of s. 82 entails the dismissal of an election petition. · · The respondent's answer to . the application was that no allegation of corrupt. praotice had been. 1nade in the petition against Meganathan or Muthu. . The Tribunal accepted the contention of the respondent and dismissed the application of t~e appellant . .

The appellant then moved the High Court at Madras by two applications, one for the issue of a writ of certiorari quashing . the order of the .. ~ribunal dismissing his application and the other for the issue of a writ of prohibition directing the Tribunal not to proceed with the hearing of the election petition. The High Court by its judgment dated November 1, 1957, dismissed both the applications, taking the sa:me view r958 Aditya·n Kandaswami Sarkar].· as the Tribunal. Hence this appeal. III Adityan Kandaswami Sarkaf J. [1959] It is not in dispute that Meganathan and Muthu were candidates. A candidate has been defined in s. 79 of the Act as meaning among others, a person who has been duly nominated as a candidate at any election and both Meganathan and Muthu had been so nominated. The only question that arises in this appeal is whether allegations of corrupt practice are made against them in the election petition.

The statements in the petition which are said to constitute such allegations are in these terms : "IV-A. The returned candidate has committed the following acts of bribery-corrupt practices according to section 123(1) of Act 43 of 1951 :- ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IJ' ••••••• (2) Sri M. R. Meganathan was candidate for Sattankulam and Tiruchandur Assembly Constituencies at the election. The first respondent and his election Agent paid him a gift of Rs. 10,000 to induce him to withdraw from being a candidate at the election from Sattankulam Constituency and in pursuance thereof Sri M. R. Meganathan withdrew his candidature at the election from Sattankulam. Constituency . (4) One Sri G. E. Muthu, candidate at the election in this Constituency was paid a gratification of Rs. 5,000 by the first respondent and his Election Agent for the purpose of making him retire from contest and in pursuance thereof he retired ··from the contest.

Putting it $hortly', the allegations in the petition are that the appellant and his election agent paid Meganathan Rs. 10,000 and Muthu Rs. 5,000 to induce them to drop out of the election and they accordingly abandoned the election contest. So all that is said here against Meganathan and Muthu,-and we are ·concern<'ld only with allegations against themis that they accepted ,money paid to them to induce them S.C.R, to abandon the contest and actually abandoned the contest. Is an allegation then, that a candidate accepted money paid to him to induce him to drop out of the election contest and actually so dropped out, an allegation of corrupt practice against such a candidate? The High Court held that it was not and that only the giving of a bribe was a corrupt practice and not an acceptance of it. We are in agreement with this view. The Act contemplates various kinds of corrupt practices and defines them in s. 123.

We are concerned with the corrupt practice of bribery which is the corrupt practice alleged in the petition. Bribery again is of several varieties. We are concerned with a gift to a candidate for inducing him to aba_ndon his candidature. This form of the corrupt practice of bribery is thus defined in the Act : "Section 123-The following shall be deemed to be corrupt practices for the purposes of this Act:- (1) Bribery, that is to say, any gift, offer or promise by a candidate or his agent or by any other person, of any gratification to any person whomsoever, with the object, directly or indirectly of inducing- ( a) a person to stand or not to stand as, or to withdraw from being, a candidate, or to retire from contest, at an election;

Explanation.-For the purposes of this clause the term "gratification " is not restricted to pecuniary gratifications or gratifications estimable in money and it includes all forms of entertainment and all forms of employment for reward; but it does not include the payment of any expenses bona fide incurred at, or for the purpose of, any election and duly entered in the account of election expenses referred to iK section 78." Is an acceptance of a bribe, by which w-0rd we mean a gift made with the intention specified, a . corrupt practice within this definition ? We do not think it is. What this definition makes the corrupt practice of bribery is a " gift, offer or promise by a candidate or his agent or by any other person, of any gratification'~ • made with the object mentioned. Th.e words " gift, Adityan Kandaswami Sark•r ]. [1959) I95B offer or promise by a candidate or his agent or by any other person " clearly show that what is contemplated Adityan k JI 1s the ma ing o a gift.

These wor s are w .o y m- Kanda>wami appropriate to· describe the acceptance of a gift. The words "with the object, directly or indirectly, of Sarkar J. inducing" also indicate that only the making of a gift is contemplated, for the object is of the person making the gift, and clearly not of the person accepting it. Mr. Sastri who appeared for the appellant contended that the words "by a candidate or his agent or by any other person " are not to be read with the word " gift" but only with the words" offer or promise". It seems to us that this is an impossible reading of the section as it is framed. Even on this reading, the section would still contemplate a gift "to any person " and therefore only the giving and not an acceRtance, of it. That s. 123(1) does not contemplate the acceptance of a gift to be a corrupt practice is also apparent from a consideration of s. 124 of the Act which was deleted by an amendment made by Act XXVII of 1956. Under cl.

(3) of that section the receipt of or an agreement to receive a gift with substantially the same object as mentioned in s. 123 was a corrupt practice. As legislative provisions are not duplicated, such a receipt of or an agreement to receive a gratification was clearly not. a corrupt practice within s. 123(1) as it stood before the amendment. The amending Act has dropped the provision making acceptance and an agreement to accept a bribe, a corrupt practice but luis made no change in s. 123(1) to bring within it these cases. Section 123(1) cannot therefore be read as including within the definition of a bribe contained in it an acceptance of it. By omitting s. 124(3) from the Act therefore the. legislature intended that acceptance of a bribe was no longer to be treated as a coJTupt practice. In view of this clear indication of intention, it would be idle to enquire why the legislature thought fit to exclude the acceptance of a bribe from the definition of corrupt practice.

If the omission • '.is accidental, then it is for the legislature to take the nec<;issary action in that behalf. We cannot allow any S.C.H. SUPHEME COUHT HEPOHTS consideration of the reason for the qmission to affect the plain meaning of the language used in s. 123(1). Mr. Sastri then contended that in view of the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, there can be no gift without an acceptance of it by the donee, and therefore whenever a gift is mentioned both the giving and the acceptance of the thing given are necessarily simultaneously contemplated. He said that, it followed from this that the corrupt practice of bribery by a gift mentioned in s. 123(1) included the acceptance .of the gift. It is true that a gift contemplates b<?th a giving and an acceptance; but these are none the less different acts and it is open to the legislature to attach certain consequences to one of them only. It was therefore open to t.he legislature in enacting s.

123(1) to pr~vide that the making, that is to say, the giving of a gift alone should be a corrupt practice. This is what it has done: it -has not made the receipt of a gift a corrupt practice. It has deliberately omitted the acceptance of a gift from corrupt practices described in the Act. Though a gift cannot be made without an acceptance of it, such acceptance has not been made a corrupt practice. Mr. Sastri also contended that s. 99 of the Act showed that the receipt of a bribe was a corrupt practice. Section 98 states that at the conclusion of the trial of an election petition the Tribunal shall make one or other of the orders therein mentioned. Then comes s. 99 which states that in certain circumstances besides these orders, certain other orders have also to be made by the Tribunal. ·The material portion of this section is in these terms : "S. 99-(l) At the time of making an order under section 98 the Tribunal shall also ii:1ake an order- (a)

Where any charge is made in the petition of any corrupt practice having been committed at the election, recordinga finding whether any corrupt practice has or has not been proved to have been committed by, or with the consent of, any candidate or his agent at the • election, and the nature of that corrupt :practice; and Adityan Kantlaswami Sarkar.]. Aditjtin Kandaswami Sarkar J. (1959] (ii) the names of all persons, if any, who have been proved at the trial to have been guilty of any corrupt practice and the nature of that practice; and Mr. Sastri contended that under this section the Tribunal has to record a finding whether a corrupt practice has been committed with the consent of any candidate. He said that when a candidate accepts a gift made to him with the object of inducing him to withdraw his candidature, he consents to the corrupt practice of bribery being committed and such a candidate is liable to be named under the section.

He added that in order that such a candidate can be so named a charge of the corrupt practice has to be made against him in the election petition. The result, therefore, according to Mr. Sastri, is that a carniidate who consents to a bribe being paid to him to withdraw his candidature is guilty of a corrupt practice and therefore an allegation of such a corrupt practice can be made in the petition if it is intended to have him named under s. 99 and once such an allegation is made in the petition, s. 82(b) would be attracted and the candidate has to be made a party to the petition. He says such allegations were made against Meganathan and Muthu. This contention seems to us to be clearly fallacious. Section 99 does not purport to define a corrupt practice. The definition of corrupt practice occurs in s. 123 and the corrupt practice mentioned in s. 99 has to be a corrupt practice as so defined.

A corrupt practice committed with the consent of a candidate is not in itself a new kind of corrupt practice. When s. 99 talks of a corrupt practice having been committed with the consent of a candidate it means a corrupt practice as deJined in s. 123 having been committed and a candidate having consented to its commission. The consent by a candidate to the commission of a corrupt practice by some one else whatever its consequences under the Act may be, is not itself a corrupt practice. Therefore, to say that a candidate consented • to a corrupt practice being committed by accepting a gift made to l\im to induce him to withdraw his S.O.R. candidature, is not to say that he himself committed a r958 corrupt practice. Such a statement in an election Adityan petition is not an allegation of corrupt practice against the consenting candidate. Hence s. 82(b} does not Kandaswa111i require that he should be made a party to the petition.

We wish to make it clear that we are not to be under- Sarkar J. stood as holding that a candidate accepting a gift made to him to induce him to withdraw his candidature is one who consents to a corrupt practice being committed. We do not think it necessary to say anything on that question in this case. Mr. Sastri then said that the term gratification in s. 123 was very wide and would include the withdrawal of his candidature by a candidate to induce another candidate to stand at an election. He contendoo that the affording of such a gratification would amount to a corrupt practice within s. 123. He submitted that such corrupt practices had been alleged in the petition against Meganathan and Muthu and they should therefore have been made parties to the petition under s. 82(b). We are wholly unable to agree that the withdrawal of his candidature by a candidate to induce another candidate to stand at an election would be gratification within s. 123. But assume it is so.

That does not help the appellant at all. Here, there is no allegation in the petition that Meganathan and Muthu withdrew their candidature in order to induce the appellant to stand at the election, so there is no allegation in the petition of corrupt practices having been committed by them by . so withdrawing their candidature. It was therefore not necessary to make Meganathan and Muthu _parties to the petition . under s. 82(b). - Lastly, Mr. Sastri contended that s. 8!(b) talked of " allegations of any corrupt practice " and it therefore contemplated any allegation relating to or concerning, a corrupt practice. He said that the election petition contained allegations against Meganathan and Muthu, relating to a corrupt practice inasmuch as .it stated. that they accepted the gratifications paid to them to • withdraw their candidature and actiuall;y withdrew [1959] Adityan J(andaswanii such candidature. Hence, he said, s.

82{b) required that they should have been made parties to the petition. W' e are of opinion that when s. 82(b) talks of allegations of corrupt practice against a candidate it means allegations that a candidate has committed a corrupt practice. Allegations can hardly be said to be "against" one unless they impute some default to him. So allegations of corrupt practice against a candidate must mean that the candidate was guilty of corrupt practice. vVe are also unable to appreciate how an allegation that a candidate accepted a gratification paid to him to withdraw his candidature is an allegation relating to a corrupt practice. The acceptance of the gratification does not relate to any corrupt practice, for we have earlier shown that the corrupt practice consists in the giving of the gift and not in the acceptance of it. Sarkar J. ¥ay ao. In the result this appeal fails and it is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed,. BISHAN SINGH & OTHERS KHAZAN SINGH & ANOTHER (S .. R. DAs C. J., BHAGWATI, S. K. DAS and SUBBA RAO JJ.) · Pre-emption, nature of the right-Pre-emptor filing suit and obtaining decree-Second pre-emptor of equal degree filing suit for· pre-emption-Fii'st pre-emptor depositing pwchase money and obtaining possession-If suit of second pre-emptor can succeed-Lis pendens-Scope-Punjab Pre-emption Act (Pun.

I of I9I3), ss .. r7, 28. Upon the sale of certain village land the appellants filed a suit for pre-emption, and a compromise decree \Vas passed allO\V- ing pre-emption provided the appellants deposited the purchase • amount by a certain date. The appellants deposited the am~unt and got posses.sion of the land. Before the appellants deposited