Janapareddy Latchan Naidu v. Janapareddy Sanyasamma

Judgment

R~ Jtar!rlislura 1 !u StUIOf Bih•r F16ruttr,y, 11. liberally construed, it would tend to cover a11 taxes, because in a loose sense, all taxes raised by the State can ultimately_ be said to be compensatory in a farfetched manner, and in that way, the well-recognised constit11tional difference between a tax and a fee will be obliterated and the provisions of Part XIII of the Constitution will lose all their significance. Part XIII contains provisions which constitute a sel,f-contained code and we need not really travel outside the said pro- \'ision in determining the validity of the tax imposed bv the Act. Since we have come to the conclusion that tlic challenge to the valirlity of the retrospective opera- ! ion of the \ct cannot be sustained, we do not think it necessary to pursue this matter any further. In the result, the appeals fail aad are dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed. JANAPAREDDY LATCHAN NAIDU JANAPAREDDY SANYASAMMA (P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. ~. WANCHOO, M. HrnAYATULLAH, K. C. D.t.s GUPTA and j.

C. SHAH, .JJ-) Jfaintf.11a1tce-/)ecree by court charging certain propertie1- .\-,1lun of •uch decru-lf oon be e.tecutf.d aq~in•t other prop<l'- ti<3--Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act 5 of 1908), •· 47. The respondent, wife of the appellant, filed an execution ~tition for execution of a 1naintenance dcc:rcc obtained by her ,._.hich, in addition to the personal liability, created a charge for past and future maintenance on three lots of properties. After obtaining the pcrmi5sion of the Court she purchased two item.. pf the properties subjoct to her 11\~intenance charge. Later •hi:, 1 S'.C:R.. liled another ezecution petition seeking to bring to sale propertie& other than those purchased by her in the earlier execution. The appellant made an application under s. 4 7 of the Code of Civil Procedure to record full sati•faction of the decree on the ground that by purchasing the properties subject to her charge she could not maintain a fresh application for the sale of the other properties.

The Subordinate.Judge dismissed!the execution petition as not maintainable. Ori appeal by the respondent the High Court reversed the decision of the Subordinate Judge and ordered the execution to proceed. On appeal by special leave, this court held : Held, that an executory charge-decree for ·maintenance becomes executable again a'nd again a• future sums become due. The cze<1:utabi!ity of the decree keeps the charge alive on the remaining properties originally charged till the future amounts cease. The whole of the charge continues over all the proper· ties jointly and severally and as the charge is different from a mortgag.:, it io not permissible to seek an analogy from the case of a mortgage.

HeW., further, that between the appellant and the respon· dent tbe executini: court cannot order the respondent to proceed against properties in her possession even though it can make an election on behalf of the appellant and enforce the charge against one item in preference to another belonging to him; but the appellant cannot insist that the respondent should proceed against the properties acquired by her under the first sale. CIVIL APPELLATE JuRI·mICTION : Civil Appeal No. l!l4 of 1961. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated July 28, 1!)59 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court at Hyderabad in C. M. A. No. 12@ of 1956. P. Ham Reddy, for the appellant. K. R. Choudhri, E. Udayarathnam and V. O. Prasliar, for the respondent. 1963. February I I. The .Judgment of the Court was delivered by Janapareddy Latcluzn .Naitlu J anaparetld y Sr.myasamma /"'4;.rJiy L.telwn NaUu 1"114/xlfeJ~, Sari1asamma Hui•,.iullah, /, StJPllME COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL.

HrnA.YA.Tt;LL.i.H, J.-The respondent who is the wife of the appellant obtained a decree for main· tenance on August !J, l949, by which the appellant was ordered t<J pay Rs. 3,000 per year to her on the 28th day of February of every year with interest at 6% per year if the payment was not made on the due sate. The decree included ascertained amounts as arrears of past maintenance and other items to which detailed reference is not necessary. In addition to the personal liability the decree created a charge fr'r past and future maintenance on three lots of properties. The respondent filed execution petition No. 91 of 1952 for execution of the maintenance decree and sought to bring the properties charged by the dei.:ree to sale. She purchased two items of the properties for a sum of Rs. 20,200 subject to her maintenance charge after obtaining the permission of the Court. Later she filed execution No. 43 of 1955 seeking to bring to sale properties other than those purchased l.Jy her in the earlier execution.

The appellant also liled an application under s. 4 7 of the Code of Civil Procedure to record full satisfaction of the decree on the ground that the respondent by purchasing the properties subject to her charge could not maintain a fresh application for the sale of the other properties. The Subordinate Judge of Vi>akhapatnam upheld the contention of the appellant and dismissed the execution petition as not maintainable. The respondent appealed to the Hi!h Court. The Hiith Court reversed the decision of the Subordinate Judge and ordered the execution to proceed. The appellant has now appealed after obtaining special leave from this Court. The short question is whether the decree_ must be held to be satisfied because the respondent purchased in an earlier execution one lot of properties subject to her charge for maintenance. Learned .

I !123 counsel for the appellant contends that the respondent mus1 now look to the properties purchased by her for satisfaction of her claim in respect of main· tenance past or future. In the alternative he contends that execution against the properties in his possession cannot proceed till the respondent has first proceeded against the properties with her. In our opinion neither proposition is correct. The maintenance decree passed by the Subor· dinate Judge of Visakhapatnam is not only a declaratory decree but also an executory decree. It provides that the appellant shall pay to the respon· dent Rs. :l,00() per year as maintenance on the 28th day of February of every year as long as she lives. When the first execution was levied the amounts due up lo J unc 28, 1!152, were realised by the sale of the properties of lots I and 2. The res· pondent as the auction-purchaser deposited Rs. 6,010 to\)'ards the balance of the purchase price after deductipg the maintenance amount under the decree as it thon stood.

The present execution concerns the sum which fell due between June 28, 1952, and February 28, Hl55. Included in this sum are Rs. 8,000 towards maintenance and Rs. 867·8-0 towards costs. The contention of the appellant is that the respondent having purchased the first lot of properties subject to the charge cannot now recover this amount from the properties remaining with the appellant. In other words, the appellant contends that there is some kind of merger of the right under the mainte· nance decree with the right arising from the auction purchase and the respondent can enforce her' right only against those properties which she has purchased and not against properties which remain with the appellant. The argument involves a fallacy because it ISSume& th"t a charge created by a decree on a i963 J1u1apareddy Lcteha Naidu JaMpa1'i4:J StUIJaamma flid•yatulloh, J, 196' !~:iLatcJ.m s_...

Hid41.i.lloh, J. number of properties disappears when the chargeholder in execution of the charge-decree purchases one lot of properties. An executory charge-decree for maintenance becomes ex~cutable again and again as future sums become due. The executability of · the decree keeps the charge alive on the remaining properties originally charged till the future amounts cease. In other words the charge subsists as long as the decree subsists. By the execution the charge is not transferred in its entirety to the properties purchased by the charge·holder. Nor is the charge divided between those properties and those which still remain with the judgment debtor. The whole of the charge continues over all the properties jointly and severally. ~or is any priority established between the properties purchased by the charge-holder and those that remain. It is not permissible to seek an analogy from the case of a mortgage. A charge is different from a mortgage.

A mortgage is a transfer of an interest in property while a charge is merely a right to receive payment out of some specified property. The forru~r is described as jns in rem and the latter as only a Jus ad rem. In the case of a simplt" mortgage, there is a personal liability express or implied but in the case of charge there is no such personal lial;ility and the decree, if it seeks to charge the judgment-debtor personally, has to do so in addition to the charge. This being the distinction it apor.ars to us that the appell;mt's contention that the cori>eq uences of a mortgagee acquiring a share of the mortgagor in a portion of the mortgaged proprety obtain in the case of a charge is ill-founded. The charge can be enforced against all the properties or severally.

In the present case the respondent could proceed at her option to recover the arrears of maintenance as they fell due from any of the properties which were the subject of the charge, that is to say, those which were in the p<>llllC8Sion and ownership of l S.C.R. the appellant and those in the possession and ownership as auction-purchaser. There is nothing in law which requires the respondent to proceed against the properties which she had earlier purchased. There is no question of marshalling of these properties. It is true that the Court may decide which of the properties charged should be sold and in what order and the Court does choose between different properties when ordering sale. To that extent the Court can assist a judgment-debtor. But this can only be in respect of the properties which the judgment-debtor holds and against which the charge-holder wants to proceed.

But the Court cannot say to the, chargeholder that he must exhaust his remedies over and over again against the properties purchased by him in execution of his charge-decree and subject to his own charge. Therefore, between the appellant and the respondent the Court cannot order the respondent to proceed against properties in her possession even though it can make an election on behalf of the appellant and enforc~ the charge against one item in preference to another belonging to him . In our opinion the respondent was entitled to proceed against the remaining properties in the hands of the appellant which continued charged. The executing court may, of course, sell only such items as may be sufficient to meet the present dues under the decree but the appellant cannot insist that the respondent should proceed against the properties acquired by her under the first sale.

We express no opinion on the question whether the decree can re __personally executed against the appellant because that question did not arise here. The appeal accordingly fails and is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed. I!lf3 Janapor1dJy Latd,an Nllidu I a..pare#y S111yas1tnm• Hid1ydullah, J,