K. Hutchi Gowder v. Richobdas Fathaimull and Company

Judgment

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 80 of 1962. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated Decem· ber 19, 1957, of the Madras High Court in C.M. Appeal No. 303 of 1956. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri. V. Ratnam and R. Ganaparhy Iyer, for the appellant. G.S. Pathak and R. Thiagarajan, for the respondent. July 24, 1964. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SUBBA RAO, J .-This appeal by certificate raises the Subba Rao I. question whether a decree obtained in a suit to enforce a debt incurred after the Madras Agriculturists Relief Act. 1938 (Act 4 of 1938), hereinafter called the Parent Act. came into force could be scaled down under s. 13 of the Parent Act. The facts are as follows: On February 15, 1964, the appellant and 4 others executed a mortgage deed in favour of Kaverlal Chordia for a sum of Rs. 2,00,000 payable after three years with interest at 9 per cent. per annum. On I anuary 24, 1946, the mortgagee assigned the said mortgage in favour of the respondent.

Certain payments towards K. Hutchi principal and interest were made ·thereunder. On Feb- Gowder ruary 28, 1950, the assignee-mortgagee i.e., the respondent, Richobd;; Fathaifiled a suit, O.S. No. 55 of 1950, in the Court of the Submull and Co. ordinate Judge, Nilgiris, Ootacamund, for the recovery of Subba Rao 1. Rs. 1,98,487-8-0, made up of Rs. 1,50,000 for the balance of the principal and Rs. 48,487-8-0 for interest due on the mortgage. The suit ended in a compromise dated December 21, 1950, under which a decree was passed for Rs. 1,50,000 on account of principal, with interest and further interest at 9 per cent. per annum and costs, subject to some concessions being shown in the event of payments being made in certain specified instalments. Thereafter, certain payments were made towards the decree. In due course the respondent filed I.A. No. 382 of 1953 for the passing of a final decree. On June 24, 1955, the appellant filed O.P. No. 24 of 1955 for scaling down the debt.

The respondent, inter alia, contended in his objections filed against the said application that as the debt sought to be scaled down was incurred subsequent to March 22. 1938. which is the date of the commencement of the Parent Act. the decree could not be scaled down under s. 19(2) of the Parent Act. The learned Subordinate Judge overruled the objection and held by his order dated August 10, 1956. that the decree was liable to be scaled down in tenns of s. 13 of the Parent Act. He accordingly scaled down the decree debt. On appeal, a Division Bench of the Madras High Court held that as the statutory right to have the interest scaled down was not put forward before the consent decree was passed, the decree could not be scaled down at the stage of the final decree proceedings. It further held that s. 19 ( 2) of the Parent Act only applied to debts payable at the commencement of the said Act and. therefore, the application for scaling down the decree was not maintainable.

In the result it set aside the order of the Subordinate Judge and dismissed the petition for scaling down the debt. Hence the present appeal. Mr. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri. learned counsel for the appellant, did not press the appellant's claim under s. 19(2) of the Parent Act, but put it under s. 13 of the said Act. He tcok ms through the relevant provisions of the Parent Act, which according to him disclose theJegislative policy K. Hutchi undermining the sacrosanctity of decrees and pressed on us Cowder to hold, on 'a scrutiny of the provisions of s. 13, of the Richobd;; Farha/- Parent Act in the light of the said policy, that'the decree mull and Co. made in resp~~t of a debt incurred after the Parent Act subba Rao J. came into force was liable to be scaled down thereunder. Mr. Pathak, learned -counsel for the respondent, makes a distinction between the substantive and procedural ·provisions and contends that the Parent Act does not make any provision for scaling down decrees made in respectof debts incurred after the said Act came into force.

The general scheme of the Parent Act gathered therefrom may be briefly ,stated thus. The main object of the P~rent Act was to give - reHef to agriculturists. - "Debt" has been defined in s. 3 (iiiJ of the Parent Act as any .liability in cash or kind, whether secured or unsecured, -due from an agriculturist, whether payable under a decree or order of a civil or revenue court or otherwise. This definition is rather comprehensive; it takes in secured, unsecured and decree debts due from an agriculturist. Section 7 of the Parent Act declares that a debt so defined has to be scaled down in the manner prescribed by the said Act. Section 8 provides the mode of scaling down debts incurred before 1932 and s. 9, the debts incurred after 1932 but before March 22. 1938; - and s. 13 deals with the scaling down of debts incurred after the commencement_ of the Parent Act.

The relief granted under the said Act varies with the date-of the debt depending upon whether it falls under one or other of the said three periods. While ss. 7, 8, !I and 13 give the principles for scaling down a debt, s. 19 provides the machinery for scaling down. Section 19 of the Parent Act. as amended in 1948, reads: " ( 1) Where before the commencement of this Act a court has passed a decree for the repayment of a debt, it shall, on' the application of anv judgment-debtJr who is an agriculturist. .••.• apply the provisions of this Act to such decree K. Hutchi Gowder ~ichobdas Fathaimull and Co. Subba Rao J. and shall, notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, amena the decree accordingly ·or enter satisfaction. as the case may be: (2) The provisions of sub-section ( 1) shall also apply to cases where, after the commencement of this Act, a Court has passed a decree for the repayment of a debt payable at such commencement."

It may be mentioned that the second clause was mserted by the Amending Act of 1948. Before the amendment there was a conflict of view on the question whether s. 19 ( 1) could be invoked in amending a decree passed after the commencement of the Parent Act in respect of a debt incurred before the said Act. Sub-section ( 2) made the position clear and declared that it could be done. The position, therefore, is that in the case of debts other than decree-debts, the scaling down process will have to be resorted to in an appropriate proceeding taken in respect of the debt and in the case of decrees in respect of debts incurred before the Parent Act whether made before or after the said Act, by filing an application under s. 19(1) or ( 2) of the Board Act, as the case may be. But s. 19 on its express terms does . not permit the filing of an application for amending a decree by scaling down a debt incurred after the Parent Act came into force. Doubtless, as Mr. Viswanatha Sastri contents, the Parent Act, to some extent, undermines the sanctity of decrees, but that is to implement the policy of the LegiSlature to give relief to al(riculturists over burdened with debts.

But a Court, p;rticularly in the case of an expropriatory measure like the Act, cannot rely upon the supposed policy of the Legislature and extend the scope of the relief given to agriculturists by analogy. The scope of the relief shall necessarily be confined to that given by the Act expressly or by necessary implication. A fair reading of sub-sections ( 1) and (2) of s. 19 of the Parent Act disclose beyond any reasonable doubt that the Legislature does not provide thereunder any machinery for reopening a decree made in respect of a debt incurred after the Act came into force. Realizing this difficulty; Mr .. Viswanatha Sastri relied 1964 . . upon the provisions of s, f3 itself and contends .that the x. Hutchi Jaid section. provides, in the case of debts incurred after · Gowder the Parent .Act came into ·rorce, both for the substantive Richobdas Fathaire!ief as well as for the machinery to give the .said relief. mull and Co. The said section re ,c'.0 : Subba Rao J. "In any proceeding for recovery of a debt, the Court shall scale down all interest due on any debt incurred by an agriculturist after the co=encement of this Act, so as not to exceed a sum calculated at 61 per cent. per ·annum, simple interest ..•.........

" The Government by notification reduced the· rates of interest to 5! per cent. per annum with effect from.July 29, 1947. Let us scrutinize the provisions of the section !n the light of the arguments advanced. Learned counsel asks us to read the words "decree . debt" instead of "debt" in s. 13 of the Parent Act, for "debt" is defined to take in a decree debt, and by so reading, he contends, in any proceeding, which, according to him, includes a final de.cree application, the court shall scale down all interest in the manner prescribed thereunder.· It is further argued that final decree proceedings are only proceedings in a suit and, therefore, the word wrecovery" in the sub-section is appropriate in the context of a decree debt. This argument, if accepted, disturbs the entire scheme of the Parent Act. Section 13 is one of the group of sections viz., ss. 8, 9 and 13, dealing with the principles of scaling down in a proceeding for the recovery of a debt.

But where a decree is to be amended, the Act has taken care to provide expressly for the amendment of the deeree. If the Legislature intended to provide for the amendment of decrees even in cases falling under s. 13, it would. have added another appropriate clause in s. 19. The absence of anv such clause indicates an intention that in cases of . debts comprehended . by s. 13. the Legislature gives only a limited relief expressly provided thereunder .. · It is said, so far as the reopening of decrees after the Parent Act came into force is· concerned, whether in respect of . SUPREl\IE COURT REPORTS debts incurred before or after th~ sale! Act, th"re cannot K. Hutchi possibly be a justification for a difference in the manner of Gowder their treatment. A plausible reason can be discerned for Richobd:; Fathithis legislative distinction oetween debts incurred. before the mull and Co..

Ac( and those incurred after the Act; for, in the former Subba Rao J. when the debts were incurred the Act was not in existence and, as the debtors Could not have anticipated the provisions of the Act, they were given the summary remedy, but the agriculturists who incurred debtS after, the Parent Act, with open eyes were denied the saine; while in the former, they were allowed to reopen decrees made in respect of the said debts before or after .the Act, in the latter they could claim. relief only in an appropriate proceeding before the decree was made and that too was confined to the limited relief in regard to the rate of interest provided thereunder. The difference in the treatment of the two categories of decrees was brought about by sub-section (2) of s. 19 a oded by a later amendment. Whatever may be the reason for the difference, we cannot extend the scope of s. 13 by analogy or by stretching the meaning of the words "proceeding" and "recovery". Reliance is placed upon s.

13-A of the Parent Act. which reads: "Wher~ a debt is incurred by a reason who would be" an agriculturist as defined in section 3(ii) but for the operation of proviso (B) or proviso (C) to that section. the rate of interest applicable to the debt shall be the rate appli· cable to it under the law. custom. contract or decree of Court' under which the debt arises or the rate applicable to an agriculturist under section 13, whichever rate is less." On the basis of this section a contention is raised that ~s. 13 and 13A relate to the same subject-matter with th~ difference tliat while s. 13 applies to a~culturists who incurred debts after the Parent Act came into force. s. 13 A applies to persons who would be agriculturists but for th~ provisos (B) and ( C) of s. 3 (ii) in respect of debts incurred after the Act. and as a fair reading of s. 13-A indicates that it applies to decrees made in regard to debts in- .t> S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REP01{TS curred after the Act, it must be interpreted reasonably that s.

13 also applies to such decrees. Mr. Pathak, learned K. Hutchi counsel for the respondent, on the other hand, contends Goll'der that s. 13-A only applies to pre-Act debts, as s. 7 which Richobd;.; Fath< declares the scheme of scaling down of debts applies only mull and Co. to pre-Act debts and the only exception to it is s. 13-A. Subba Rao J. Be that as it may, we cannot construe s. 13 with the aid of s. 13-A which was introduced by the Amending Act 23 of 1948. This appeal .does not call for an interpretation of s. 13-A of the Act and we shall not express any opinion thereon. The legal position may be briefly stated thus. Section 7, 8, 9 and 13 form a group of sections providing the principles of scaling down of debt• incurred by agriculmrists under different situations. A debt can be scaled Clown in an appropriate proceeding taken in respect of the same. But in the case of debts that have ripened into decrees, s.

19(1) and (2) prescribe a special procedure ror reopening the decree only in respect of debts incurred before the Parent Act. The Parent Act does not provide for the reopening of decrees made in respect of debts incurred after it came into force, and for understandable reasons the relief in respect of such decrees is specifically confined only to a concession in the rate of interest. For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the order o! the High Court is correct. In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed AMRIT BANASPATI CO. LTD. & ANR. STA TE OF UTT AR PRADESH AND ORS. (P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, C. J., M. HIDAYATULLAH, K. C. DAS GUPTA, J. C. SHAH AND RAGHUBAR DAYAL, JJ.) Sales Tax-Salts tax levied at the Ttltt of one anna pe1 rupr,._Nelv' d•cimal coina~• introduad by Act No. 31 of 19SS-EQect on calculation of 1ales ta.r-Sales tax to be levied at the rate (If one 19M July, 27