Ratanlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh

Judgment

0 RATANLAL STATE OF-MADHYA PRADESH December 17, 1970 [S. M. S!KRI, V. BHARGAVA AND I. D. DUA, JJ.] In<fian Penal Code, s. 84-General exceptions-Plea of IMll!lty- Insanity must be proved to have existed at time of commission of o6ettee- Burden of proof is on accused-Burden ls not higher than that 011 fHU'lies te civil proceedings-Relatives of accused as defence witnesses-Ned nor be drsbelieved on that ground-They have opportunity 10 know accuset! Intimately-Failure of accused to produce expert evidence in c/efence- Adverse inference need not be drawn. The appellant set fire to grass lying Rear a khalyan. He was arrested next day. From February 23, 1965 when be was arrested to February 2, 1965, he was in police custody and thereafter sent to jail. The Assistant Surgeon, the Civil Surgeon, and the Psychiatrist of the mental hospital to which he was referred reported that he was depressed and silent. According to the Psychiatrist he was a lunatic in terms of the Indian Lunacy Act, 1912.

At his trial under s. 435 of the Indian Penal Code two of bis relatives appeared as defence witnesses and testified that be was mentally unsound. The trial Magistrate acquitted the accused o~ the finding that the appellant fell within the general exception in s. 84 of the Indian Penal Code. The High Court, in appeal filed by the State, re' versed the judgment. In appeal by special leave, HELD : It is now well-settled that the crucial point of time at which unsoundness of mind should be established is the time when the crime was committed. The burden of proving this lies on the accused thou&h the burden is no higher than that which rests upon a party to civD preceedings. [252 El State of Madya Pradesll v. Ahnradulla, [1961] 3 S.C.R. ~83 and D. C. Tllakker v. State of Guiarat, [1964) 7 S.C.R. 361, referred to. In the present case the appellant bad discharged the burden. There was no reason why the defence witnesses should not be believed.

They were no doubt relations of the appellant but it is the relations who are likoly to remain in intimate contact. The behaviour of the appellant on the day of occurrence, failure of the police to lead evidence as to hi• condition when the aP.P"\lant was in custody, and the medical evidence indicated that the appellant was insane within the meaning of s. 114 l.P.C .. [256 DJ The High Court was wrong in drawing an adverse inference apinst the accused on the ground that he hact not produced any expert medical evidence in defence. This could not be expected from a poor villager specially in view of the certificates issued by the medical authoritiea after he was arrested. [255 CJ The High Court's observation that the appellant appeared to be ol normal understanding and the fact that he had given intelligcnt IUIS'Mn· to questions under s.

342 Cr.P.C., were irrelevant eonsideration5' in view · of the time that had elap8"d since the alleged commission of the offence .. ~256 B-CJ .252 CRIMINAL APJELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 135 of 1968. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated May 1, 1968 of the Madhya Praesh High·Court, Gwalior Bench ·in Criminal Appeal No. 143 of 1966. R. L. Kohli and/. C. Ta/war, for the appellant. I. N. Shroff, for the respondent. 'The Jud~ent of ithe (;oun was .delivered by . Sikri, J. This .appeal by special leave is directed against the .iudgment of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior Bench, allowing· the appeal of the State and convicting the appellant for having committed an offence punishable under s. 435, Indian Penal Code, and sentencing him to undergo imprisonment for one year. .The only point involved in the present appeal is whether the appellant was a person of unsound mind within s. 84 of the Indian Penal Code at the time of the incident.

The Magistrate :held that he was not liable to punishment as he was insane at that time and did not know that he was doing anything wrong or anything contrary to law. The High Court, on the other hand, came to the conclusion that the case of the appellant did not fall within the exception created by s. 84, l.P .C. It is now well-settled ti1at the crucial point of time at which unsoundr.~ss of mind should be established is the time when the crime is actually committed and the burden of proving this lies on the accused. (See State of MadhY/fl Pradesh v. Ahmad- .ullah)(1 ). In D. C. Thakker v. State of Gujarat(') it was !aid .down that "there is a reliuttable presumption that the accused was not insane, when he committed the crime, in the sense laid down by s.

84 of the Indian Penal Code : the accused may rebut · it by placing befo~e the court all the relevant evidence-oral, documentary or. circumstantial, but the burden of proof upon him is no higher than that which rests upon a party to civi! pro· ·ceedings." It was further· observed : "The crucial point of time for ascertaining the state of mind oi. the accused is the time when the offence was cumstances which preceded, attended and followed the mind as to be entitled to the benefit of s. 84 of the Indian Penal Code can only be established from the circumstqnces which preceded, attended and followed 1he crime." The learned counsel contends that if regard is had to the cir- ·CUilllltances which preceded, attended ~nd followed the crime it ·would be clear that the accused is entitled to the benefit oi' s. 84 of the Indian Penal Code. (I) [1961] 3 S.C.R. 583. (2) [1964] 7 S.C.R. 361. RATANLAL v. M. P. ,STATE (Sikri, J.)

The prosecution case is that on January 22, 1965, the appeltaat set fire to the grass lying in the khalyan of Nemichand at the time of the setting of the sun. He was caught at the spot while setting fjre. On being asked why he did it the accused said; "I burnt it and do whatever you want." The accused was arrested on January 23, 1965, and he remained in police custody till February 2, 1965, when it was found that the accused needed medical examil}ation, and accordingly the District M~gistrate ordered that he be medically examined. No explanation has been given why he was kept in police custody all tliat time. There is no evidence either to indicate as to his condition from the time of his arrest to the time when his case was referred for medical examination. These facts were within the knowledge of the police and we should have expected that the prosecution would lead evidence regarding his condition during this time.

Further, the police made it impossible for the appellant to prove his mental condition at the time of the incident by keeping him in 'their custody from January 23 to February 2, 1965, not,having himexamined and not sending him to judicial custody earlier where he would have been examined by the jail doctor. On February 20. 1965, V. S. Vaidya, Assistant Surgeoa, Civil Hospital, Vidisha, reported to the Jailor, Sub Jail, Vidisha, as follows : "Subject, In .Ref. to your letter No. 295 dated 8-2-1965. Sir, Ratanlal Prisoner was kept under observation as iii· door patient during this time. He was keeping silent, b6 never used to reply any question so in my opinion he. should be refd. to some specialist for further investigation and needful." On February 22, 1965, Y. D. Kamran, Civil Surgeon, VUlisha, reported as follows : "Shri Ratanlal, undertrial. was examined by me. He does not appear to be deaf or dumb, but is mentally retarded.

He should be referred to Superintendent, Mental Hospital, Gwalior, for expert opinion." On March 29, 1965, Dr. B. Shah. Psychiatrist and Superintendent. Mental Hospital. Gwalior, reported as follows. : "This is to certify that Shri Ratanlal s/ o Kishanlal who has been kept under observation in this hospital from 18-3-1965 to 29-3-1965 is.a person of unsound mind, in terms oflndian Lunancy Act; 1912. He is not dangerous and/ or violent by reason of Lunancy and thus unfit to be at large. The report is based on the following facts observed here :- ( l ) Remains depressed. ( 2) Does not talk. ( 3) He is a case of Maniac depressive. ( 4) · Psychosis and needs treatment." On April 28, 1965, another report was given that he was still a person of unsound mind in terms of Indian Lunancy Act, 1912, but was better though still confused, and further that treatment was being continued and it may take 4 to 6 weeks more for recovery.

The defence also led evidence as to his condition before the incident in question. Shyamlal, D. W. 1, son-in-law Of the appellant stated that "the accused was not feeling well for 2-3 years. · He was in such a condition that if he is -sitting will remain sitting. If he is to go then he will go and if he wishes to fall in the river then he will fall. Such was the conditions of his mind that he used to set fire in his own clothes and house." He further stated that on the day of the incident the appellant did not allow anybody to enter !iii; hbu~ and had put a lock on the house and his children took their food outside, and the accused did not talk to ai:ybody. He further'staled that "prior to this incident the accused was being taken to Bhopal after tying him for the treatment of mind. He was also taken t«1> Bhavera but the accused did not improve."

In cross-examination it was brought out that "prior to the setting of fire the accused was neither got admitted .in the government hospital nor any report was lodged in the· police station." No crossexamination was directed to· ascert~in the nature of his illness or to bring out that he was otherwise sane. Another witness, Than Sin~, D,.w, 2, (the appellant is his maternal uncle) stated that the apPC\llant "used to do whatever he thought. He used to run away wherever he liked. He used to jump in the river also. He used toenter the house of anybody. He used to lock his house. -His children used to lie hungry outside. He used to set fire in his clothes also. On ,the day of occurrence the condition of the accused was worst. He did not speak to anybody· on that day." The witness, however, admitted that the accused had not been taken to Government hospital. The Trial Court also mentioned that Moolchand, P.W. 3, Madora, P.W. 4, and Dharma, P.W. 6, admitted that the appel, !ant remained in the khalyan throughout the period that the grass was burning till the chowlddar took him to thana .and did not utter a word and did not try to run away. p RATANLAL v. M;

P. STATE (Sikri, ].) The Trial Court, relying on the evidence of Shyamlal, D.W. 1, Than Singh, D.W. 2, and the behaviour of the accused on that day came to the conclusion that the accused was insane. He also relied on the certificates issued by the doctors, mentioned above. He further found support in the absence of motive for the crime. He also relied on the fact that the appellant's kha/ayan adjoined the kha/ayan which was set on fire by him and if tlle appellant had been sane he would not have taken the risk of having his own khalayan bul'IJ.t, which was most likely. The High Court, with respect, erred in differing from the Trial Court. The High Court observed that the appellant had not examined in defence any expert in mental diseases to substantiate his plea of legal insanity. It is expecting rather a great deal from a poor villager that he should produce experts in mental diseases, specially in view of the certificates issued by the Medical authorities after he was arrested.

The High Court farther erred in · holding that the medical reports were of no evidential value. .. It is true that the reports speak of the mental state of the accused at the time when the reports were issued but the High Court failed tl)note that the appellant was in police custody from January 23, 1965, and the police could.have produced evideµce to show that lie was absolutely sane till the day when they sent him for medical " examination. The High Court thougilt that the evidence of the two defence witnesses only suggested an irrational behaviour on the part of the accused. The High Court failed to note that, according to D.W, 2, the appellant used to set fire to his own clothes and house, 'lllld this ~uld hardly be called irrational; it is more like verging on insanity. The High Court also felt it rather unsafe to rely on the testi- . mony of the two defence witnesses because such evidence could· always be procured.

It was also impressed by the fact that. there was no independent witness forthcoming nor was there any evidence showing that the accused was taken to Bhopal or Gwalior for treatment. The High Court observed : "Apart from this, these witnesses merely su~gest that there was irrational behaviour on the part of 1he accused. But it has not been proved that he entertained any homicidal tendencies. The evidence adtluced is merely of conduct not confirming to the accepted pattern of human behaviour. Such evidence is inadequate to establish that there was such an impairment of cognitive faculties of the accused as to render him legally insane." Witlt respect, it is not necessary that every insane person should have homicidal tendencies. In this case he is not charged for an offence involving homicide but arson. Although the High Court discarded the medical evidence, it to<>k account of its own observations, when it stated :

"We had an opportunity to observe the accused. who was produced before us by the learned counsel. and he appeared to be a man of normal understanding. We also find that in answering questions which were put to him by the court under s. 342, Cr. P.C., the accus~d showed intelligence and care." With great respect, these are irrelevant considerations. The appeal was heard on April 25, 1968, and the incident occurred on January 22, 1965. A person can surely improve within three years. We are inclined to agree with the conclusion arrived at by the learned Magistrate. We hold that the appellant has discharged the burden. There is no reason why the evidence of Shyam Lal, D.W. 1, and Thall Singh, D.W. 2, should not be believed. It is true that they are relations of the appellar.t, but it is the relations who are likely to remain in intimate contact.

The behaviour of the appellant on the day of occurrence, failure of the police to lead evidence as to his condition when the appellant was in custody, and the medical evidence indicate that the appellant was insane within the meaning of s. 84, I.P.C. We accordingly allow the appeal and acquit the appellant of the offence under s. 435, I.P.C., because at the time of the incident he was a person of unsound mind within the me:ming of s. 84 of the Indian Penal Code. His bail bond shall stand cancelled. G.C. j J A[>pea/ allowed.