Ananta Mukhi, @ Ananta Hari v. State of West Bengal

Judgment

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No. 322 of 1971. R. K. lain, for the petitioner. G. L. Mukhoty and G. S. Chatterjee, for the respondent. ANANTA MUKHI V. WEST BENGAL (She/at, J.) 3 81 J. M. SHELAT, J. gave a dissenting opinion. The Judgment of H. R. KHANNA and K. K. MATHEW, JJ. was delivered by KHANNA, J. Shelat, J., The order of detention impugned in this petition is as follows: "ORDER ~~o. 97iC Dated 24-4-71 Whereas I am satisfied with respect to the person known as s:1ri Anania Mukhi, @ Ananta Bari, son of Gobardhan, @ Gurai o.f Antpara, Chakbazir, P. S. Debra, Dt. Midnaporc that with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order, it is necessary so to do, I therefore in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (!) read with sub-section (3) of section 3 of the West Bengal (Prevell'tion of Violent Activities) Act, !President's Act No. 19 of 1970) make this order directing that the said Shri Ananta Mukhi @Anania Hari be detain·~d.

Given under my hand and seal of office. Sd./- District Magistrate Midnapore" The question which falls for determination in this petitlion is whether detention directed by an order which recites that it was made upon satisfaction of the District Magistrate that the person concerned was acting in a manner prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order is an order lawfully made. The argument was that the use of the disjunctive 'or', instead of the conjunctive 'and', showed either that the detaining authority was ·not certain under which of the two grounds, namely, the §_ecurity of the State or the maintenance of public order, he had reached his sub.iective satisfaction, impelling him to consider the petitioner's detention necessary, or that the order was passed mechanically, merely reproducing the language of sec.

3(1) without any application of. mind as to whether the acts of the petitioner, actual or anticipated, were prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order, or both. If it was the last, obviously, the order should have used the conjunctive 'and', and not the disjunctive 'or'. To appreciate the contention, it would be necessary to understand the object and the scheme of the Act. By a Proclamation, dated March 19, 1970, made under Art. 356 of the Constitution, the President of India, being satisfied that a situation had arisen in which government in West Bengal could 3 82 not be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, assumed to himself the functions of government of that State and declared that the powers of the State Legislature shall be exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament. In pursuance of the said Proclamation, Parliament enacted, on April 29, 1970, the West Bengal State Legislature \Delegation of Powers)

Act, XVII o[ 1970, under sec. 3 of which the State Legislature's power to m:1kc laws was conferred on the President, who was empowered to enact, whether Parliament was in session or not, as President's Act a bill containing such provisions as he considered necessary. In exercise of the powers ·contained in Act XVII of 1970, the President enacted the President Act XIX of 1970. Since that ... \ct \Vas enacted in exercise of and in accordance with the powers of the State Legislature, the Act providing for preventive Jotcntion could l·o passed in terms and within 11he scope of entry . 3 of I he Con current List in lhe Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. thM is to say, for· reasons connected with (a) the security of that State. \ b ). ~he maintenance of public order, or ( c) the maintenance of supplies. and services essential to 1he community. Act XIX of 1970 was enacted to "provide for detention with a vie'v to preventing violent activities and for matters connected therewith". Sec. 3, the construction whereof is called for in this petition, by its Jirst sub-section confars power oo make detention orders against certain persons.

That sub-section reads as follows : "The State Government may, if satisfied with respect to any person that with a view to preventing him from acting irr any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order, it is necessary so to do, make an order directing that such perso11 be detained." Its second sub-section contain~ a definition of the expression "acting in any manner prejudicial to the secnrity of the State or the m'aintepance of public order" employed in sub-section. (1), and enumerates in. clauses (a) to (e) diverse acts as falling within the said expression. That sub-section reads as follows : "(2)

For the purposes of ~ob-section (1), the expression "acting in any manner prejducial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order" means- (a) using, or instigating any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise, to use, any lethal weapon- (i) to promote or propagate any cause or ideology, the promotion pr propagation of which 0 ANANTA MUKHI v. WEST BENGAL (Slie/al, J.) (ii) affects, or is likely to affect, adversely the security of the State or the maintenance of public order; or to overthrow or to overawe the Government established by law in India.

Explantaion.-In this clause, ··1cthal weapon" .includes fire-arms, explosive or corrosive subs!· anccs, s·~vords, spears, daggers, bo\VS and arrov.•s; or < b) committing mischief, within the meaning of sec· tion 425 of the Indian Penal Code, by fac or any exploshic sue~i_ance on nny prop~rty of CTovernn1ent or any loc:~I auth0:!t'f or any corn~n·t~0n owned or controlled by Government or any Uni· versity or oth~r educational ins1il!Jtion or on any pu0lic building, where the commiswn of such mi;cbief disturbs, or is likely to disturb, public order; or (C) causiag inw:t to the Indian Nationµ] Fiag or to any other object of public veneration, wheiher by mutilating, damaging, burning, defiling, destroying or other\vise, or instigating any person to do so.

Explanation-In 1his clause, "object of public veneratio" includes any portrait or statue of an eminent Indian, installed in a public place as a mark or r>~spect to him or to his memory; or (<l) con1n1itting, o:· instigating any perc:;on to co1nmit, any offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term extending to seven years or more or any offence under the Arms Act, 1959 or the Explosive Substances /\cl, 1 908, where the commission of such offence disturbs, or is likely to disturb, public order: or ( e) in the case or a person referred to in clauses (a) to (f) of section 110 of the Code of Crimina I Procedure, 1898, committing any offence punishable with im!)risonment where the commission of such offence disturbs, or is likely to disturb, publi9 order." Under sub-sec.

(1), the· satisfaction is regarding the necessity of preventing/the person concerned from acting in any manner prejudicial either to the security of the State or the maintenance l2~LS87 Sup CI/72 SUPllBMll OO'UllT REPORTS of public order. As the language of the sub-section stands, such satisfaction must be in relation to an activity, prejudicial either to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order, or in certain cases even both. Therefore, before the power of deten • tion can be invoked the detainlng authority nm&t be satisfied that the activity of the person concerned is such that it is either prejudicial 110 the security of the State or the maintenance of public order or both. Neitl1cr the expression "security of the State" nor "the main· tcnance of public order" has been defined either in this Act or in the Preventive Detention Act, IV of 1950, or the Defence of India Act, 1952 and the Rules made thereunder, which earlier made provision for preventive detention.

Unlike the previous enactments, sub-sec. (2) of s. 3 in the present Act, however, furnishes a dictionary for the expression "acting in any manner pre· judicial to the security of t,he State or the maintenance of public order", and then enumerates in els. (a) to (e) certain categories of acts which would fall under the aforesaid expression. The defini· tion, however, does not provide the meaning of the two concepts "security of the State", or, "public order", and leaves the detaining authority to determine whether an act in question disturbs or is likely to disturb or endanger either of them, or both. It becomes necessary, therefore, to ascertain the connotation of these two concepts as lai<! down in certain judicial pronouncements.

Although those pronouncements were under tl1e Preventive Detention Act of 1950, they would, nevertheless, apply to the present Act also, since by not providing any different definition the legislative authority must be presumed to have used the expressions, security of the State and the maintenance of public order, according to their wellestablished meanings. In Dr. R. M. Lohia v. Bihar( 1), the impu~ned detention order was passed under r. 30(1) of the Defence of India Rules, 1962 which required satisfaction of the detaining authority that tlle per· son concerned should be prevented from acting in a marmer prejudicial inter alia, to the public safety an~the maintenance of public order. The order impugned the stated 1hat the authority was satisfied that it was necses to detain the petitioner with a view to prevent him from acting in a marmer pre· judicial to "the public safety and maintenance of la\v and order"

After considering the earlier decisions on the question as to the meaning of the expressions, 'law and order', 'public order' and 'security of I.he State', Hidayatullah, J., (as he then was) summed up as follows : "The District Magistrate acted to "maintain law and order" and his order could not be read differently even (I) (196<] I SC R 709. ANANTA MUKHI v. WEST BENGAL (She/at, J.) if there was an affidavit the other way. If he thought in terms of "public order" he should have said so in his order, or explained how the error arose. A mere reference-to his earlier note was not sufficient and the two expressions cannot be reconciled by raising an air of simiiitude between them. The contravention of law always affects order but before it can be said to affect public order, it must affect-the community or the public at large.

One has to imagine three concentric circles, the largest representing "law and order"', the next representing "public order" and the smallest representing "security of State". An act may affect "law and order" but not "public order", just as an act may affect "public or<ler" but not security of the State". Ther~fore, by using the ex• pression "maintenance of law and order" the District Magistrate was widening his own field of action and was adding a clause to the Defence of India Rules." D These observations clearly bring out the distinction between the three concepts, of law and order, public order and lhe security of the State, and the scope of each of them. The drawing up of imaginary concentric circles helps considerably in delineating the distinction bet.ween one from the other and the area covered by each of them. A similar distinction between the concept of law and order and that of public order was drawn in Pushkar Mukherjee v. West Bengal(') by a caution therein that the expression "public order" in sec.

3(1) of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950 did not take in every infraction of law. In was observed that the contravention of any law always affects 'order', but before it can be said to affect 'public order', it must affect the community or the public at large. Mere disturbance of law and order leading to disorder is not necessarily sufficient for action under the Preven· tive Detention Act, which can only be invoked where there is apprehended a disruption of public order. The true distinction between the three concepts lies, as pointed out in Arun Ghosh v. West Bengal(2 ), in the degree and extent of the reach of the act in question upon society. Acts similar in nature, but committed in different contexts and circumstances might cause different reactions. In one case, it might affect the problem of law and order, and in another, though similar in quality, of public order. (sec also Nagendra Nath Monda! v. West Bengal(').

An act, such as communicating the defence secrets of a country to an enemy country, while not affecting the maintenance of law and order or public oriier, would affect adversely the security of the State. On the other hand, there may be activities which depending upon (I) [1969] 2 S.C.R. 63S (2) [1970) 3 S.C.R, 188 (3) Writ Petition 308 of 1971, decided on 13-1-72. Af the degree of their effect and potentiality might affect all the three at the same time. The three concepts have, thus, through a catena of decisions a~quired well under~tood meanings, and though in some cases tllcy might overlap to a certam extent, the ruotinction between them is tairly clear.

When, therefore, statutes, such as the present one, confer power on an authority to deprive a citizen of his lib~rty, and bar at the same time any judicial scrutiny into the sufiiciency of reasons for doing so, it is vital that the action depriving such liberty, without the usual trial, must not only comply with the substantive but also the formal requirements of the statuto conferring such power, for, it is the latter which wouk '.how whether the form1;r have been complied with. If the power, tl!erefore, is exercised because a certain result, namely, danger to pubiic order or the security of the State,. is apprehended, the de- 1ainin5 authority ought to set out in clear terms both in the ordet· and the grounds for detention upo1i which of the two apprehended results, or both, he is satisfied.

Obviously, it would not lie possible, without th~t being explicitly set out, for the person concerned to make a representation, which is the only protection and safeguard given to him under such statutes. The detaining Quthority has, therefore, to carefully ascertain, in order to reach his requisite satisfaction, whether the activity in ques\ion, whether actual or expected, affects or is likely to aikct any one of the two things, namely, public disorder, or d~nger to the security of the State or both, and state so clearly in the order. It may be that the activity in question might be such that it affects or is likely to affect one or the other, or both at the same time, in which case he can state that his satisfaction was as regards both. As is clear from the first sub-section of sec.

3, that sub-section confers power to make detention orders against certain persons but its exercise is conditioned by the satisfaction that if not detained, the activity of the ·person concerned, actual or anticipated, will affect prejudicially either the security of the State or the public order, or both. 1be disjunctive 'or', used there, must mean that the required satisfaction is one or the other ground, or even both. But, unlike the earlier Acts, which provid~d for preventive detention, the present Act furnishes in the second sub-section of sec. 3 a definition for the expression used in the first sub-section, namely, "acting in any manner prejudicial to tl1e security of the State, or the maintenance of public order", by setting out tertain cat~gories of activities which must be accepted as capable of affecting prejudicially the security of State or the public order.

Using or instigating a person, orally or in writing, or by signs or verbal representation, or otherwise; to use any lethal weapon either (i) to promote or propagate a cause or ideology, the promotion or ANANTA MUKHI v. WEST BENGAL (She/at, J.) propagation of which alfects, as is likely to affe~t adversciy ti~~ se~uruy of the State, or the maintenance of public order, or (11) to overthrow, or overawe the Government established by law would, according to the definition in sub-sec. (2), mean acting in a manner prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order. It would seem from cl. (a) that acts of the kind mentioned in sub-cl. (i) would be regarded as prejudicial to public order or security ol the State, as the case may be, while those mentioned in sub-cl. (ii) would he regarded as capable of prejudicial to the security of the State. The language of cl. ( c;! itself suggests that besides the act being of the kind mentioned in sub-cl.

(i) the authority must also be satisfied that the act there set out is one that affects, or is likely to affect adversely public order. Under cl.. (b), committin;.': mischief, as defined in sec. 425 of the Penal Code, by fire or explosive substance on the classes of property specified there, provided again that such mischief disturbs or is likely IP disturb public order, would fall under the definition. CI. (b) thus requires two ingredients, (i) that the act in question is mischief and is . committed by fire or explosive substance on property of the kind set out there, and (ii) the satisfaction of the authority that the mischief is such that it affects or is likely to affect public order. Surely, setting fire to an educational institution, or a public building, reprehensible though it is, could not possibly have been intended to mean putting the security of the State in jeopardy.

Ordinarily, it might not perhaps have been considered as an ac~ .Pecessarily disturbing or likely to disturb public order, but sec. 3(2) makes it so, in view of the exU-aordinary situation then existing in West Bengal, and the background in which the Act was passed. The result is that an activity of the kind set out in cl. (b) would be regarded as a ground for an order under &ub-sec. (1) provided the detaining authority is satisfied that its effect, actual or likely, is disruption of public order. It will be noticed that cl. (b) does not say that the effect of such an activity would prejudicially affect th~ security of the State, and refers only to public order. It is, therefore, manifest that cl. (b) does not intend t11e invoking of the power under sub-sec. 1 on the ground of any apprehension to the security of t11e State. On the other hand, acts specified in cl.

( c) might affect public order, and in some cases, even the security of ilie State, depending upon their extent and potentiality. An insult to ithe National Flag or any other object of public veneration might result in disturbance of public order, or even security of the State, depending · 'upon the circumstances, the degree of veneration for the object in question and other such factors. In such cases, the detainin_g authority would have to ascertain from the facts and circumstances of each case whether the act· under consideration was likely. to affect one or the other, or even both. But, cl. ( c) is not in!ended [1972} 3 S.C.R. to mean that every such a~t must, without anything more, be deemed to mean affecting both public order and security of the State. Activities set out in both els. (d) and (e) also require satisfaction of tl!e authority that !hey are such that they have either disturbed or tend to disturb public order.

It is again noticeable that both the clauses omit !he expression "security of the State". Such an omission must mean that those activities have a bearing on and relate to public order, and not to the security of the Sta!e. Subsec. (2), by furnishing a dictionary to the expression "acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the Sta!e or the maintenance of public order" enables the detaining authority to treat the specific categories of activities set out 1therein as activities capable C of affecting the security of the State or the public order, and to invoke the power if it is satisfied that !heir effect, actual or likely, is adYerse to either, or both of them, depending upon their extent or potentiality. Before, therefore, resorting !O sub-sec. (1), the authority has to be satisfied whether the act or acts alleged against the person concerned fall under one or the other ground, viz., the security of the State or public disorder or under both.

If the authority decides to make the order, it must state in i! whether its satisfaction is on one or the other ground, or both. The mere fact that the acts in question are of any of !he kinds mentioned in els. (a) to (e) of sub-sec. (2) does not mean that they autometically and without anything more mean acting in a manner prejudicial to the security of the State as well as maintenance of public order. It can mean either one or the other, or even both, depending upon the satisfaction of the authority as to its effect on one or the other or both. But it wgs said that a construction contrary to the one sugge,led above has been taken in Shyamal Monda/ v. West Bengal(') The impugned order there stated that the District Magistrate was s~tisfied that it was necessary that the petitioner should be detained with a view to prevent him from aoting in any manner prejudicial LO the securitv of the Sta!e or th~ maintenance of public order.

The grounds for detention served on the detenu, as set out at page 674 of the rePort, show that !he acts alleged against him and in respect of which the District Magistrate thought it necessary to detain him were (a) an attack on a passenger train by the petitioner and his associates, armed with bombs and explosives, with a view to catcl) their rivals, obviously political rivals, and to kill them, which iniu:ed some innocent passengers, (b) attack and a'sault on !he guard of another train by the petitioner and his associates who were again armed with bombs and daggers, and (c) an &~tack bv the petitioner and his associate.q, similarly armed. (I) [19711 2 S.C.C. 672. ANANTA MUKH! v. WEST BENGAL (She/al, J.) on a police. party at a railway station. All the three grounds men· tioned the District Magistrate's conclusion that in each case there was disturbance of public order and panic and terror amongst the passengers.

There was clearly no reference to any danger or apprehension to the security of the State as the dimensions of the act~ alleged were confined to the respeC'tive local areas, namely, 1he named railway station. The contention rais-~d was that the acts alleged against the detenu had no bearing on the security of the State, and that the order contained, therefore, extraJl"..ous and irrelevant ma~ters, namely, the apprehension to the security of the State, over which, by the very nature of the acts attributed to the petitioner, and the conclusion stated by the District Magistrate in each of the grounds, he could never have reached his satisfaction. The contention was repelled on the ground "that the act itself furnishes a dictionary meaning for the two expressions and a perusal of clauses (a) to (e) clearly shows tha! any of the matters referred to therein will be both "prejudicial to the security of the State or ilie mainten~nce of public order".

With great respect, such a construction of the definition in sec. 3(2) would mean that any one of the activities enumerated in els. (a) to (e) would fall under both the grounds, namely, the security of the State and the maintenance of public order, and therefore, it would ·not be necessary for 1he detainine: authority to ascertain for his satisfaction whether the ;,ct for which he considers detention necessary is of the type or category which is or tends to be prejudicial to the security of 'lhe State or the maintenance of public order. In other words, any one of the a.cts set out in els. (a) to (e) must be regarded as preiudicial to both fae security of the State and the maintenance of ~·ut-!ic order. If that is 'the meaning which is to be attributed to the definition ;n sec. 3(2), the detention order, read in the light of the grounds of detention served on the petitioner there would appear to be not in accord with the realities.

For instance, an attack on a train with the object of seiring political rivals and to eliminate them would, without doubt, be one that creates public disorder, but such public disorcter affects persons in the area in which i't is disturbed. So far as the first ground was concerned, the attack was on a train. In the two Qther grounds, the areas affected were two railway stations. Would it, in the light of these confines, be realistic to 390. [1972] 3 S.C.ll. say that the three alleged acts were such that they placed the security of the State of West Bengal in danger, or had even the tendency to do so ? Further, each of the grounds of detention, a> framed by the District Magistrate himself, contained his conclusio11 that in each case there was disturbance of public order. Ob· viously, the satisfaction which he had reached was 1hat the alleged acts were SJ!Ch that they disturbed or tended to disturb public order.

Could such acts, which even according to the District Magistrate himself led to public disorder in a particular area, be said to have led to his satisfaction that they affected or tended to affect adversely the security of the whole State as well as 1he maintenance of public order ? If such !l construction of s. 3(2) were ito be accepted, it must lead to the result 1hat every activity falling under any of the clauses (a) to (e) !!lUSt be said to be one which actually affects or tends to affect both the security of the State as well as public order. ln that case des_!ruction of a private school, however, small in size, or an oflioe of a village officer, once it fall within sec. 425 of the Penal Code, or committing or instigating an offence falling und.~~ cl. ( d), qr cl.

(e) affecting or tending to affect public order mus'': also be regarded as affecting or tending to affect the security of the State and also as leading to the satisfaotion of the detaining authority that it d~s or is likely to do. What sub-sec. (2) of sec. 3 does is that it consido~rs any one of the activi'!.ies there enumerated as adversely affecting or likelv to affect either the· security of the State or public order, and bars a challen~e !hat by its very nature it could not possibly lead anv reasonable person to the satisfaction required by sub-sec. ( 1). U;e of or instigating to use a lethal weapon for the purpose mentionecl in cl. (a) (i) would be a ground for detention if it either affects c:· is likely to affect adversely either the security of the State or public order, depending upon the potentiality and the extent of the act in question. Such use or instigation confined to a small number of persons or area might affect only public order.

On a State-wide potentiality, it might affect adv~rsely even the security of the Stllle. Indeed, such a distinction is expressed in sub-els. (i) and (ii) of H cl. (a) itself, The same can be said of all other activities set out in the other clauses. Under cl. ( c), causing insult to the national ANANTA MUKH! v. WEST BENGAL (Khanna, J.) flag or any other object of public veneration is regarded by that clause as acting in a manner prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order depending upon the circumstances, the reach or the potentiality of the act in question. Such an insult on a vast scale simultaneousiy commi'lted might have the B effect of creating an upsurge in the whole State and thus affect the security of the State, let alone the public order. Bll't, irrespective of such potentiality, the clause cannot mean that such an act by itself and without anyithing more must be deemed to fall under the mischief of both the kinds:

The result of accepting such a construotion would mean that once an act falls under any of the clauses (a) to ( e), even if it affects or is likely to affect public order only must also be held to affect or likely to affect the security of the State, thus, ~otally wiping off l!he difference between the two coucepts and their respective areas of influence. That could not be the intention underlying sub-sec. (2) of sec. 3. Taking all these circumstances into account 1together with the language of sub-sec. (2), the conclusion must be that the detaining authority must arrive at and express its satisfaction thirt the detenu's activities, actual or likely in future, were such that they would affect either the security of the State or the public order or in some cases, by reason of their reach. even both.

In this view, the construction urged· by counsel for the petitioner has to be accepted and it must be held that the use of the disjunctive 'or' in the impugned order rendered ithe order of detention vague and indefinite, indicath•~. of the detaining authority having merely reproduced mechanically the language of sec. 3 (1) of the Act. The detention, therefore, has to be held to be bad. The petition consequently must be accepted and the petitioner be held entitled to his liberty forthwith. Order accordingly. Khamlll, J. This is a petition through jail under article 32 of the Constitution of India for the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus by Anania Mukhi alias Ananta Hari who has been ordered to be detained under section 3 of West Bengal (Prevention of Violent Activities) Act, 1970 (President's Act No. 19 of 1970), hereinafter referred to as the Act. The order of detention which was made against the petitioner A reads as under : ORDER No. 97/C Dated 24-4-71 Whereas I. am satisfied with respect to the person known as Shn Ananta Mukhi @ Ananta Hari son of Gobardhan @ Gurai of Antpara, Chakbazir, P. S. Deb~a, Dt., Midnapore that with a view to preventing h1!11 from acting in any manner prejudicial to the s.ec~nty of the State or the maintenance of public order, 1t 1s necessary so to do, I therefore in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section ( 1) read with sub-section (3) of section 3 of the West Bengal (Prevention of Violent Activities)

Act, 1970 (President's Act No. 19 of 1970) make this order directing that the said Shri Ananta Mukhi @ Ananta Harl be detained. Given under my hand and Seal of office. Sd/- District Magistrate Midnapore Soon after the detention order, the petitioner was found to be •lbsconding. He was arrested on May 5, 1971 and was served with the order of detention along with the ground of detention and the vernacular translation thereof on the same day. On ,\pril 26, 1971 the District Magistrate of :\1idnapore reported to E the. State Government about the making of the detention order rlgainst the petitioner together with the grounds of detention and other necessary particulars. The said report and particulars were considered by the State Government and ori May 4, 1971 the detention order was approved by the State Government. On the same day the State Government submitted a report to the Centrd Government together with the grounds of detention and 0ther necessary particulars.

The case of the petitioner was place<l by the State Government before the Advisory Board on June 3, 1971. In the meanwhile, on May 20, 1971 the StatE Government received a representation of the petitioner dated \fay 13, 1971. The s~.'.~ representation was considered by the State GoY('r;iment and was rejected as per order dated June 2. l 971. The representation of the petitioner was then forwarded to th(; Advisory Board. The Advisory Board after considering the material before it, including the representation of the petitioner and after hearing him in person, sent its report to the State Government on July 8, 1971. Opinion was expressed by the Advisory Board that there was sufficient cause for the detention of the petitioner. By an order dated July 16, 1971 the State Government confinned the order of detention of th". re-:itioner. ANANTA MUKHI v. WEST BENGAL (Khanna, J.)

The petition has been resisted by the respondents and the affidavit of Shri Manoranjan Dey, Assistant Secretary, Home (Special) Department, Government of West Bengal has been filed in opposition to the petition. We have heard Mr. R. K. Jain who has argued the case llmicus curiae on behalf of the petitioner and Mr. G. L. Mu]>hoti on behalf of the State. One of the contentions advanced by · Mr. Jain is that the detaining authority has taken into consideration facts extraneous to section 3 of the Act in making the order of detention, and therefore the said order is illegal. In this respect we find that in the grounds of detention which were supplied to the petitioner under sub-section ( 1) of section 8 of the Act, the following particulars were mentioned : "(1) That on 4-10-69, at about 21-30 hrs., you along with 50/60 Naxalite supporters being am1ed with lethal weapons raided the house of Shri Pulin Bihari Manda! of Bhuiyabasan, P. S. Debra in order to kill him.

The house owner somehow managed to save his life. You and your associates then looted cash, ornaments, utensils and other properties worth about Rs. 10, 000 from the house. (2) That on 8-11-69, at about 20.00 hrs., you along with 20/22 Naxalite workers a1n1ed with lethal weapons raided the house of Shri Bistu Pada Bhuiya of Radhakantapur, P. S. Debra and killed his two brothers named Madan Bhuiya and Kshudiram Bhuiya by sharp cutting weapons. You and your associates also looted ornaments and other articles from the house." lt would appear from the above that according to the grounds of detention, the petitioner along with 50 / 60 other persons armed with lethal weapons raided the house of Pulin Bihari Mandal cm October 4, 1969 at night time and looted cash, ornaments, utensils and other properties worth Rs. 10,000 from the house. It is further alleged that on November 8, 1969 at about 10 p.m.

1he petitioner along with 20 /22 associates armed with lethal weapons raided the house of Bistu Pada Bhuiya of Radhakanta, pur and killed his two brothers Madan Bhuiya and Kshu,:iram Bhuiya by sharp cutting weapons and also looted m;!)amentE md other articles from the house. The above facts would sho\, that the case against the petitioner was covered by clause ( d) of subsection (2) of section 3 of the Act. Sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 3 of the Act read as under : "(!) The State Government may, if satisfied with ~espect to any person that with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintepance of public order, it is necessary so rto do, make an order directing that such person be detained. (2)

For the purposes of sub-section (1), the expression "acting in any manner prejudicial to thesecurity of the State or the maintenance of public order" means- (a) using, or instigating any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise, to use, any lethal weapon- ( i) to promote or propagate any cause or ideology, the promotion or propagation of which affects, or is likely to affect, adversely the security of the State or the maintenance of public order; or (ii) to overthrow or to overawe the Government established by law in India.

Explanation.-In this clause, 'lethal weapon" includes fire-arms, explosive or corrosive substances. swords, spears) daggers, bo\vs and arrows; or (b) committing mischief, withm the meaning of section 425 of the Indian ·Penal Code, by fire or any .explosive substance on any property of Government ·or any local authority or any corporation owned or -controlled by Government or any University or other educational institution or on any public building. ·where the commission of such mischief disturbs, or is likely to disturb, public order; or . (c) causing insult to the Indian National Flag or to any other object of public veneration, whether by mutilating, damaging, burning, defiling, destroying or otherwise, or instigating any person to do so.

Explanation.-In this clause, "object of public veneration" includes any portrait or statue ·of an eminent Indian, installed in a public place as a mark of respect to him or to his memory; or (d) committing, or instigating any person to commit, any offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term extending to seven years or more or any offence under the Arms Act, 1959 or the Explosive Substances Act, 1908, where ll ANANTA MUKHI v. WEST BENGAL (Khanna, J.) 39;: the commission of such offence disturbs, or is likely to disturb, public order; or ( e) in the case of a person referred to in clauses (a) to {f) of Section 110 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, committing any offence punishable with imprisonment where the commission of such offence disturbs, or is likely to disturb, public order."

The first·allegation discloses that the petitioner and his associate:; were guilty of dacoity, while the second allegation sh9ws that at the time of the. commission of the offence of dacoity, the petitioner and his associates also murdered two persons. As such, according to the grounds of detention, the petitioner and his associatc1 committed offences punishable with death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term extending to seven years or more. The aforesaid activities of the petitioner, according to the affidavit of Shri Manoranjan Dey, disturbed public order and the petitioner became a terror to the residents of the locality. We see no cogent ground to take a different view. It is obYious that when such a large number of persons, who were stated to be Naxalite workers, armed with lethal weapons commit the offence of dacoity and dacoity with murder, such offences disturb or are likely to disturb public order.

According to sub- ~ect!on (1) of section 3 of the Act, the State Government may, if so satisfied with respect to any person that with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the securi!:y of the State or the maintenance of public order, it is necessary so to do, make an order directing that such person be detained. Sub-section ( 3) empowers a District Magistrate to exercise the powers, if so satisfied, conferred by sub-section ( 1). The activities of the petitioner as mentioned in the grounds of detention, in our opinion, show that they were not of an extraneous character but fell within the expression "acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of State or the maintenance of public order" as defined in sub-section (2) of section 3 of the Act. The second submission of Mr. Jain is that the order of deten- :ion ·made by the District Magistrate shows that he has not d?'Y applied his mind before making the detention order, as accordmg to the order the petitioner was detained "with a view to pr:venting him from actino in any manner prejudicial to the secunty of 1he State or the m~intenance of public order".

It is urged that the District Magistrate should have specified in the order. as !O whether it was necessary to detain the petitioner from actmg 1!1 any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or whether 1t (19'72) 3 S.C.R. was necessary to detain him from acting in any manner pr.:judicial to the maintenance of public order. The District Magistrate, according to the learned counsel, could have also, if fact; so warranted, passed an order for detention of the petitioner cu both the above grounds but he could not make an indefinite order by using the word "or" in the same and stating that it was necessary to detain the petitioner with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner "prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order". The. order, it i~ stated, is a mechanical reproduction of the statute and shows that there. was not due application of the mind before the orda· was made. The above contention has been resisted by Mr. Mukhoti and in our opinion, is not well founded.

We have reproduced sub· lieCtion (2) of section 3 of the Act earlier and it would appear therefrom that a comprehensive definition has been given of the .expression "acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order''. The definition shows that the whole thing has been clubbed together and no separate definitions have been given, one in respect of "acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State" and an· other in resptct of "acting in any manner prejudicial to the main· tenance of public order".

The various acts which have been specified in the different clauses of sub-section (2) of section 3 fall within the compendious expression "acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order", and it would not, in our opinion, introduce a.a infirmity in the detention order if it is stated therein that it iJ; necessary to detain a detenu with a view to prevent him frorr. acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the Stat~ or .the maintenance of public order. It is no doubt true that if a statute mentions different grounds for the detention of a person, the order ~ detention should specify distinctly the ground or grounds for which the detenu has bee:i ordered to be detained and it would not be permissibk to state that the detenu has been ordered to be detained for ground (a) "or" ground (b).

The use of the word "or" woulc .show in cases falling under such a statute, an element of casualness in the making of the order as held by this Court in the case of Jagannath Misra v. State of Orissa.( 1) The detenu in that case had been ordered to be detained under rule 30 ( 1 )( b) o: the Defence of India Rules, 1962 and according to the order of detention, the order had been made with a view to preventing the detenu "from acting in any manner prejudicial to the defence of India and civil defence, the public safety, the maintenance m (t) tt966] 3 s.c.R. 134, ll ANANTA MUKlll v. WEST BENGAL (Khanna,!.) public order, India's relations with foreign powers, 1he mainten· ance of peaceful conditions in any part of India or the efficien conduct of military operations". This Court observed : "There is anotner aspect of the order which leads to the same conclusion and unmistakably shows casualness in the making of the order.

Where a number of grounds are the basis of a detention order, we would expect the various grounds to be joined by the conjunctive "and" and the use of the disjunctive "or" in such a case makes no sense. In the present order however we find that the disjunctive "or" has been used, showing that the order is more or less a copy of s.3(2)(15) without any application of the mind or the authority concerned to the grounds which apply in the present case.·· The above principle would, however, not apply in the case of a person ordered to be detained under the Act with which we are dealing· because of the special definition given in sub-section (2) of section 3 of the Act of the expression "acting in any nianaer prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order".

According to the definition, each one of the activities mentioned in the various clauses of the said sub-section constitute.; an act "prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order". The presence of the word "or" in the definition itself tends to show that the use of that word in the order is not impermissible and there was no element of casualness or absence of due application of the mind in the making of the impugned order. In the case of Dr. Ram:Manohar Lohia v. State of Bihar.and Ors. (1}, this Court while expounding the words "maintenanc c:A. public order'', observed : "one has to imagine three concentric circles : Law and order represents the largest circle within which is the next circle representing public order and the smallest circle represents the security of the State." The above observations were relied upon by this Court in the subsequent case of Madhu Limave v. Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Monghyr and Ors. (2) and it was observed : 0) (1966]

I S.C.R. 71YJ. (2) [1970) J S.C.R. 746. SlTl>llEME COI JHT RE l'OH.1 S fl 9721 3 S.C.R. ''The expression 'public or<lcr' includes absence of all acts which arc a daqgcr to the security of the State Jnd also acts which arc comprchen<le<l by the expression 'order publiquc' explained above but not acts which disturb only the serenity oE others." ln 1the case of State of West Bengal v. As/wk Dey & Ors. etc. etc. (Cr. Apptal No. 217 to 223 of 1971 decided on November 19, 1971) while delaling with different claus.es :of section 3, this Court observed : "That, disturbance of public order in a State n1ay in turn prejudicially affect its security, is also undeniable. Fairly close and rational nexus between these clauses and the maintenance of public order and security of the State of West Bengal is writ large on the face of these clauses."

It would-follow from the above that though all activities prejudi- : cial to the security of the State and those which are prejudicial to -the nlaintenance of public order. are not identical, because of close nexus ·between maintenanc·e of public order and security of State, there is bound to be some overlapping. As the expressions "acts prejudicial to the maintenance of public order" and "acts prejudicial to the security of the State" have not been separately defined but have been put together in the same definition with the disjunctive "or" in between them, the use of the word "or" in the detention order would not, in our opinion, so adversely affect the. said order as may justify the quashing of that order. We are fortified in. the above conclusion--by a recent decision of th\s Court in the case of Shyµmal Monda! v. State of West Bengal(1).

In that case too the impugned order of detention stated that the District Magistrate·- was satisfied that it was necess::iry. that the p~titioner should ·be - detained with a view to prevent hiin fro~ acting ~n any n1anner prejudkial to the security of the State or the n1aintenance of public order as provided by section 3 (1) of the A~t. Argument was advanced 'on behalf of t11c: deteri~ that i_hc. order' of ~etention ,. was illeg::U inasmuch as the petitioner ha<l not been informed asto· how his (1) .\.I.It: (1971) s.c. 2384. ANANTA MUKHI v. WEST BENGAL (Khanna, J,) .399 activity was prejudicial to the security of the State. It was pointed out that as both the matters, namely,. the maintenance Gf public order and the security of the State had been mentioned in the order of detention, it must be taken that the detaining authority had taken into account extraneous and irrelevant matters in passing the order of detention.

It was further submitted that it was not clear whether the detaining authority passed the order to prevent the detenu from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or for maintenance of public order. The above contentions were repelled by this Court and reliance was placed upon the definition given in subsection (2) of section 3 of the expression "acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order". It was observed : r "It will be seen that the Act itself furnishes a dictionary meaning for the two expressions and a perusal of clauses (a) to ( e) clearly shows that any of the matters referred to therein will be both "prejutlicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order. We are not inclined to accept the contention on behalf of the petitioner that it is only sub-clause ( 1) of clause (a) of section 3(2) which deals with the matters, _which adversely affects the security of the State.

In fact that very sub-clause refers to the matters mentioned therein as affecting the security of the State or the maintenance of public order. Therefore, in this case the grounds of detention cannot be held to be. vague nor can the order of detention be held to be invalid on the .. g_round .. that.-thepetitioner must have been detairied only to prevent him from acting i!Pally manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order and not to the security of the State." Although an attempt was made to assail the correctness of the above view, we find, for reasons stated earlier, no cogent 13-Ls87SupCI/72 I ground to take a different view. The result is that the petition A fails and is dismissed. ORDER In view of the opinion of the majority the Writ Petition is dismissed. . s.c. Petition dismissed .